How did Togo get its name?

First things first; the country is pronounced tow-go. It is not pronounced like restaurant take out. 

The name Togo comes from the Ewe people who are the largest ethnic group there. “To” comes from (toh) and means “river” and “godo “comes from (gohdoh) meaning “on the other side”.  Togo means “on the other side of the River”.  

Despite the name, it is believed the “river” refers to Lake Togo which historically was a very significant source of premium water.  Lake Togo is actually a lagoon separated from the ocean by a narrow strip of land.

At one time Togo was called Togoland. Today the official name is The Togolese Republic.

Where is Togo located?

Togo is located in West Africa, it is a small country that is a sliver of land sandwiched between Ghana to the west, and Benin to the east. The width of Togo is only about 71 miles and its length is 360 miles.  Burkino Faso is to the north and Togo has a very small, palm tree lined coastline on the Gulf of Guinea to the south. 

The capital city Lome’ is located on the gulf, in the south.  Lome’ gets its name from the aloe plants that originally surrounded the area.  It is often called the “Paris of West Africa” due to its expansive boulevards and cosmopolitan atmosphere.  

Togo is also home to several national parks, one of the most diverse is the Fazao-Malfakassa National Park.  It has an array of landscapes including forest, savannah, rocky cliffs, and waterfalls. It is home to 203 species of animals that include: birds, monkeys, antelopes and elephants. 

Sadly, Togo has a major poaching problem and has gained a reputation as a major ivory-trade center.  In 2015 in Lome’, the largest seizure of ivory in African history took place.  More than 400 tons of ivory were apprehended, representing over 800 poached elephants.  The government has put in place anti-poaching trafficking squads, which has helped to improve this sad situation.

A Brief History of Togo

The earliest history in Togo starts from the 11^th to 16^th centuries, when tribes moved into the area from the surrounding nations. The ancient tribes produced pottery and tin.  The main tribes were the Ewe’, the Mina and the Gun tribes, who settled mostly along the coastal areas. 

From the 16^th to 18^th centuries, sadly, the coastal region along with the surrounding areas became known as the “The Slave Coast.”  It was a major Atlantic slave-trading hub. 

In the 1700s, Togo was occupied by the Danes before it became a German protectorate known at Togoland in 1884.  Germany used forced labor to bring plantations to the area. 

After World War I, Britain and France split Togo between them.  In 1956, the British area became part of Ghana known as the “The Gold Coast” What is now Togo became independent from the French in 1960. 

The first president was assassinated during a military coup.  It is believed he was killed by Togo’s next president, Eyadema, who took power and remained the ruler of Togo until his death in 2005.  At that time, he was the Africa’s longest serving ruler.  He was succeeded by his son, who remains in power today, to the dismay of the opposition party, who claims fraudulent and corrupt elections put him in power.

Togolese Culture

Togo is home to about 8½ million people. It is diverse with 39 different tribes and languages.  The Ewe’, is the largest ethnic tribe, but not by much.  The official language is French. 

Despite the influences of western religion, Animist and Voodoo are the predominant religions and beliefs in Togo.  Only 30 percent consider themselves Christian and only about 20 percent are Muslim. 

Voodooism is a belief system that extends to culture, philosophy, medicine, art, dance, and music. Togo has the world’s largest fetish market in the capital city.  Outside it resembles a flea market but inside, it is full of voodoo dolls, and dead animal parts.  Shamans are there to recommend concoctions to cure any of your ailments.  It is their equivalence of a pharmacy.

Togo has a rich heritage of oral literature that consists of folktales and legends.  Music and dance are an extremely important part of Togolese culture. Each ethnic group has their own unique style.  Drums are used extensively throughout the nation along with other percussion instruments to celebrate special occasions and festivals. 

There are many festivals in Togo and one of the most popular is the Evala festival.  It is an important initiation ritual in the maturity of young men.  Every year, hundreds of young men gather in the town of Kara and wrestle each other to establish dominance. 

Togo is also home to an UNESCO World Heritage site called, Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba.  Located in northern Togo, the area features traditional, mud tower houses, called “takienta,” which remain the preferred style of living. They are a national symbol of Togo.

 

Togolese Cuisine

Togolese cuisine is typical of West African cuisine.  It also has hints of its colonial history, with beer from Germany and baguettes from France. 

The national staple is maize, eaten both on the cob and ground-up in a savory porridge.  Local fruits and vegetables are plentiful and include: tomatoes, okra, eggplant, bitter leaf and spinach.  Cassava, plantains, and yams are pounded into fufu, a bland starch that is served with savory stews. 

Rice is also a popular starch and beans are another important protein.  Groundnuts are a primary export for Togo and are also used frequently in their cuisine.

Meat and poultry are plentiful, although fish and shellfish are also extremely popular, especially along the coast and near the nation’s rivers and estuaries. They often serve both meat and fish with a chili sauce.  Bush meat, including Bush rat, are consumed but you likely won’t find them on any restaurant menus.

Palm wine, called sodabe, is made from the sap of palm trees and palm oil is often used in cooking.

For dessert, fruits like mangoes, pineapples and bananas are readily available and make a wonderful, sweet treat. Akpan or akassa are small sachets of fermented maize yogurt.  You will see people enjoying this refreshing treat by tearing a small hole in the sachet with their teeth and then sucking the akpan directly into their mouths.  Cakes are also a beloved dessert.

Coffee and tea are both consumed in abundance, especially in the morning.

So let’s enjoy a Togolese meal:

 

The Menu

Starter

Salade de Spaghettis (Spaghetti Salad)

Main Course

Koklo Meme (Grilled Chicken)

Served with

Djenkoume (Tomato Cornmeal Cakes)

Dessert

Keke (Lime Cake)

We set the scene with Togo’s national colors; green, red, yellow, and white.  A white star was placed to represent hope, along with a red rose which is the national flower and a lion figure, representing the national animal.  Cotton, and coffee beans, representing important exports, were also placed.

Generally, in Togo, food is consumed without utensils.  Only the right hand is used, as the left is considered to be unclean.  We put on Kobi Lolo music to get into the Togolese spirit.

Our first course was a super, delicious spaghetti salad.  Often this salad is served on a French style baguette, which would make it much easier to eat without a utensil. The mustardy-mayonnaise based dressing was delightful, we loved it!

For the main course, we devoured the juicy, grilled chicken that was marinated overnight in a wonderful spicy marinade.  The marinade was made with garlic, ginger, onion, hot peppers and red palm oil. The red palm oil is the essential ingredient in this recipe so that the meat gets nicely charred as it grills.

The grilled chicken, called Koklo Meme was served alongside a very popular starch called Djenkoume.  It is a cornmeal, based ball that can be flavored with other ingredients.  This one was flavored with tomato and went perfectly with the grilled chicken.

For dessert we had a little, limey cake, called keke that was moist, scrumptious, and topped with groundnuts.

As we say goodbye to this tiny nation of Togo, I leave you with a few Togolese proverbs:

“It is better to walk than curse the road.”

“Don’t butter the skillet before catching the fish.”

“If you hurt the reputation of another, you damage your own.”

“Good stew is best to be made in an old pot.”

 

Until next time,

Warmest regards,

Darlene

How did Thailand get its name?

Thailand is a relatively new name for this beautiful country. The name translates to “Land of the Free” or “Land of the Thai people,” who are also an ethnic group.  The translation of “Land of the Free,” is a source of pride for the Thai people as they were the only country in Southeast Asia among all the others, to not be colonized by Western powers.

Prior to the country being named Thailand in 1939, it was called Siam.  Siam comes from a Sanskrit word meaning “dark or brown,” referencing the color of the natives’ skin.  The country was called Siam once again for a brief period between 1946 and 1948 and has been called Thailand ever since. 

Formally, the Thai people call their country prathet Thai but informally they call it mueang Thai. This is a way to differentiate the place from the people and the language.  

Where is Thailand located?

Thailand is in the heart of Southeast Asia.  Its neighbors are Myanmar, to the west, Laos, to the north and east, Cambodia, to the southeast, the Gulf of Thailand, to the south, Malaysia, also to the south on the peninsula and the Andaman Sea, to the west.  If you look at the shape of the country on a map, many say it resembles an elephant’s head.  The elephant is the national animal of Thailand.

The country has forested mountains, hidden waterfalls in lush jungles, rich, fertile rice fields, plains, and a long-rugged coastline along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. It is also home to 400 Islands with glorious beaches, most of them in the Andaman Sea.

Generally speaking, Thailand has a tropical climate.  It is hot and humid.  The best time to visit is from November to March.  March through May has the hottest weather and June through October is the monsoon season.

A Brief History of Thailand

It is believed the ancestors of today’s Thai people began migrating from southern China about 5000 years ago. They worked their way south into Thailand, Burma and Laos. It was these migrants that formed the first city states in present day Thailand.

Multiple Kingdoms were established and abolished throughout the centuries.  It was the Chakri dynasty that ascended to the throne on April 6, 1782 and has remained in power ever since. King Rama, moved the capital to the east bank of the river and it became known internationally as Bangkok (The City of Angels.)

In 1932, King Rama VII approved the constitutional change from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.  This marked the beginning of a democratic form of government in Thailand.

Democracy is never easy and since that time there have been several coup d’état attempts and martial law has had to be evoked on more than a few occasions.  Today the government focuses on economic development, and international relations. 

The people of Thailand still revere the monarchy and the king.  The motto is “Chat, Satsana, Phra Maha Kasat,” which means “the king serves as the traditional knot,” that binds the whole nation.

Thai Culture

Thailand is also referred to as “The Land of Smiles.”  The people are very friendly, hospitable, and kind. It is something you will notice right away.  But don’t be fooled by every smile.  Each smile has a different meaning as the Thai people literally smile through virtually every situation. There are at least 13 identified, distinct smiles with different meanings, in Thai culture.

The official language of Thailand is Thai, which is taught in schools, along with English.  There are a few different dialects of Thai, especially in the very southern and northern parts of the country.

About 95 percent of the country is Buddhist.  Although Thai people have freedom of religion written into the constitution, the King is required by law to be a Theravada Buddhist.  It is no surprise that there are about 40,000 Buddhist temples throughout the country. Historically, nearly all males have been a monk at one time in their life, usually before the age of 20.

The very small remainder of the population are Muslim, especially in the southern region of Thailand near the Malaysian border and there are a few Christians scattered throughout the country.

When you are greeted by a Thai person, you will likely encounter a gesture called wai . It is a beautiful and welcoming greeting where they put their hands in a prayer position with a slight bow of the head.  The lower they bow their head and the higher they raise their prayer hands indicates their level of respect for you. 

The elderly are revered in Thai culture, as is family. Cousins are often referred to as brothers and sisters and extended family often live together or very near each other.  

Prior to Buddhism in Thailand, many centuries ago, Spirit worship or animism was practiced.

Thai households still have what is known as a spirit house called san phra phum or phi houses.   Typically, they are little colorful, intricate, shrines dedicated to the guardian spirits of the land and are in the front of homes, businesses, parks, and highways.  Daily offerings are made in the form of incense, candles, flowers and even food and drinks. 

Although Thailand is developing and becoming more modern, one of its most charming features is how rituals and traditions are passed down from their ancestors.  Thais learn from a very young age to worship and respect the spirits around them.  They believe that by honoring the spirits, it will bring peace and prosperity to them and to their loved ones.  

Thailand is also known for several celebrations and festivals.  Some of the most popular are Songkran aka the “Water festival,” Loy Krathongor “the Festival of lights,” Visakha Bucha which is “Buddha’s Birthday,” and they celebrate the King and Queen’s Birthdays as well.  There is also a “Monkey banquet festival,” where they literally have a feast for the resident monkeys to thank them for bringing in tourism.  Chinese New Year is also celebrated in Thailand.

Thai Cuisine

Thai cuisine is famous throughout the world.  It is not by accident, as the government of Thailand has wisely subsidized numerous Thai restaurants in other countries as an introduction to their delicious food.  It is no wonder that many people travel to Thailand simply for the food.

Thai food is known to have a wonderful balance of flavor with a combination of five tastes: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and spicy.  Like most countries, Thai food is different depending on where you are, having its regional specialties.  It also has many influences from southern Chinese and Indian cuisines as well as from its other neighbors.  

Some of the most common herbs and spices used in Thai cuisine are: basil, caraway, cardamom, chili peppers, cilantro, cumin, curry powders and pastes, galangal, garlic, ginger, lemongrass, onions, pepper, star anise, and turmeric.

They are also famous for exotic fruits like mangosteen, which is considered the national fruit and the stinky durian fruit, which is something you will love or hate, as well as dragon fruits, coconuts, passion fruit, bananas, lychee etc.  While traveling through Thailand you will see “NO Durian” signs in hotels, on elevators and in public transportation.

Thais use a mortar and pestle for many dishes and if you don’t have one you must get one.  You simply can’t get the proper result without one, especially when making curry paste.  The pounding of the ingredients in the mortar, releases oils from the chilies and herbs and spices that simply are not there when you use a processor or blender. I personally find the process therapeutic, as well.

Street food is ubiquitous in Thailand.  It is cheap and simply delicious.  Whether you go into an establishment or eat on the street, there are several Thai dishes one must try.  The beauty of street food is that each stall has a specialty and if there is a line, well you can be sure their food is amazing.

We went to a night market in Chiang Mai and saw the woman that was featured on an episode on Anthony Bourdain’s “Parts Unknown.”  She was very popular before the show but is now famous in the market.  Her signature style is the cowboy hat she wears.  Expect to wait a long time for her famous pork knuckle, served over rice with a sauce, pickled mustard greens, and one half of a hard-boiled egg,  It is absolutely worth the wait!

Here is a brief list of some of the must try Thai dishes:  Curries in every color, green, red and white, plus Massaman Curry, Tom Yum Soup, Pad Thai, Guay Tiew or (noodle soup), Thai spring rolls, Thai fried chicken, Beef and chicken Satay, Grilled squid skewers, Grilled or deep-fried pork, Som Tam (papaya salad), Mango Sticky rice, banana pancakes, Thai sausage, basil chicken, Thai crepes, grilled fish, ……and the list goes on and on.  

So, let’s enjoy a Thai meal:

The Meal

Starter

Som Tam Papaya Salad

Main Dishes

Pad Thai (Fried Noodles with Shrimp)

 

Phad Kaprao Gai (Basil Chicken with Rice)

Dessert

Kluay Bod Chii (Bananas in Coconut Milk)

We set the scene in the colors of the Thai flag; red, white and blue.  Red, represents the blood spilled for their independence, white is for purity and Buddhism, and blue is for the monarchy.  

We placed a Buddha statue, an elephant candle holder, (as the elephant is their national animal) and the national flower, which grows on a tree that is called the golden shower or dok koon.  We also placed a wooden long boat to represent the main mode of transportation.  Thai chilies, and a fresh coconut completed the setting, representing two prevalent ingredients in their cuisine.

We began by first learning Thai dining etiquette, which is a little different.  We sat on a bamboo mat with our feet tucked under our body. It is considered rude to have your feet pointing at a person or even a statue while dining.

Generally, Thai people eat with a spoon in the right hand and a fork in the left. The spoon is the main utensil, with the fork assisting in getting items onto the spoon.  A knife should never be necessary as Thai food is served in bite size pieces and can easily be cut with the side of the spoon or fork.  Chopsticks are sometimes used for noodle dishes.

We served the som tam green papaya salad as the starter.  It is one of my all-time favorite salads.  Much of the world agrees and  it has been listed on CNN’s poll of the top 50 dishes of the world.  It perfectly strikes the balance of flavors for which  Thai cuisine is famous.  The Thai chilies can be quite spicy, so when you make it, be sure to add them based on your heat tolerance.  This is a wonderful, refreshing salad that you will love.

The other dishes were served family style (all at once,) which is customary in Thai cuisine.  Rice is always served, whether it be sticky or Jasmine. Rice is extremely popular and is Thailand’s biggest export.  When you ask someone “Have you eaten yet?” you would say ,”Heaw Kaow,” which translates to “Would you like rice?”

Pad Thai is the national dish of Thailand. It can be found all over the world.  It is one of my favorite dishes especially when served with shrimp, but it is sometimes made with chicken, pork or just tofu.  You will be surprised how quick and easy it is to make this at home.  I love the accompaniments of lime, and peanuts.

The other dish was had was chicken with Thai basil and both of which we loved served with rice. 

For dessert, we enjoyed bananas in coconut milk, simply flavored with a pandan leaf, and a touch of palm sugar.  It was a wonderful ending to our scrumptious Thai meal. 

As we say goodbye to this magical country, I leave you with a brief photographic journey of our time there.  From Bangkok to Chiang Mai, we loved every minute of it.  We plan to return, not just for the extraordinary food but we want to experience the islands and more of their amazing Thai hospitality. 

Until next time,

Sa-wat-dii-kha ( goodbye)

Warmest regards,

Darlene

How did Tanzania get its Name?

The name Tanzania is the fusion of two places. The “Tan” part of the name comes from Tanganyika. This name in Swahili means “Sail in the Wilderness.”  It is believed to be in reference to Africa’s deepest body of water, Lake Tanganyika, which is also a national symbol. 

The “Zan” part of the name comes from the island of Zanzibar which means “Coast of the Blacks”, with its origins coming from medieval Arabic terms.  The “ia” was added at the end, well, just because it sounds better. 

Where is Tanzania Located?

The mainland of Tanzania is located just slightly below the equator, on the east coast of Africa.  Zanzibar is an island off the coast in the Indian Ocean.  Tanzania also includes the islands of Pemba and Mafia. 

The mainland is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east and has a whopping eight land borders.  Its neighbors are: Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique.

A Brief History of Tanzania

Tanzania is home to an area that is referred to as “The Cradle of Mankind.”  It is believed to be the birthplace of humanity.  In the area around the Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania.  Fossils have been found that are thought to be two million years old, as well as the footprints of the immediate ancestor of humans, the Laetoli footprints, estimated to be 3.6 million years old.

About 10,000 years ago, Tanzania was populated by hunter-gatherer communities.  Different ethnic tribes began moving into the area, bringing with them different languages and techniques for agriculture, food production and later cattle farming. 

Two thousand years ago, it was the Bantu that began arriving from western Africa in a series of migrations. They brought iron working skills and introduced new social and political ideas.  Later, Nilotic pastoralists arrived and continued their stay until the 18^th century.

Trade with Arabia and Persia made the East African coast economically strong as far back as the first millennium CE.  This was when Islam was introduced into the area.  All along the coast, as well as the islands of the Zanzibar archipelago, many trading cities thrived. The period was known as the Shirazi Era, between the 13^th and 15^th centuries.  They were trading ivory, gold and other goods to faraway lands like India and China. Kilwa was one of the earliest trading towns in the world to use money.

The great Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama, was the first European to reach the east African coast in 1498.  By 1525 the Portuguese had subdued the entire coast which lasted until the 18^th century when Arabs from Oman established a foothold in the region. During this time, Zanzibar became the epicenter for the Arab slave trade.  

In 1873 a British fleet arrived in Zanzibar to force Sultan Barghash to declare the end of the slave trade.  Although reduced, the illegal slave trade continued.  In the mid 1800s, a German missionary was the first European to see the magnificent Mt. Kilimanjaro, and Richard Burton and John Speke mapped the massive Lake Tanganyika. 

In 1877, the Belgians arrived.  With many factions interested in the area, at a table in Berlin in 1886, Belgium claimed ownership of the Congo River area, the Germans and British focused on taking over East Africa which they partitioned off between themselves, and Zanzibar was left to the Sultan of Oman, for a short while anyway. 

The mainland area became known as Tanganyika, after German East Africa was transferred to the United Kingdom as a mandate by the League of Nations, in 1920.  It was colonized first by Germans, from the 1880s until 1919, then the British from 1919 until 1961. 

Tanganyika became independent on December 9, 1961.  Zanzibar’s Independence was in 1963 and in 1964 an Act of Union between the two countries formed the United Union of Tanzania.  It emerged as a one-party state under Julius Nyerere, whose ideologically driven policy of socialism, is still felt today.

Today Tanzania is run by the ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), who has been in power since Independence.

Tanzania Culture

Tanzania is a very ethnically and culturally diverse nation, with over 120 tribes making up the population.  From the tall, colorful, Maasai warriors, to the Hadza bushman with their ancient practices and the Wameru and the Chaga farmers with their resourceful agricultural ways.  They all have their unique ways: their own language, traditions and customs, but together, they gracefully unite to form Tanzania.  Swahili is the language that unites them and Swahili along with English are considered the national languages of Tanzania.

“Hakuna Matata” is a Swahili phrase meaning “no worries,” “no problem” or ”take it easy.”  It can also refer to time as in “no rush.”  This phrase is heard often in Tanzania and was made famous to the rest of the world when “The Lion King” movie hit the theatres. 

Speaking of the “The Lion King,” Tanzania is known the world over as one of the best safari destinations on the planet.  I had the privilege of visiting and I will never forget the spectacular scenery, the people, and the amazing animals.  

Safaris are usually done with a skilled guide/driver who can spot animals you might have never noticed.  You can stand up in the jeep and look through the pop up lid.  We saw baby cheetahs, camouflaged on a rock waiting for their mother to return from her hunt.  We saw lazy lions sleeping in the sun after a nice game meal. 

We had a mock charge by an elephant protecting her baby, saw a leopard gnawing on its prey where she had dragged it high up in the treetops, and baboons positioning to steal it away. 

We saw hippos grunting and burping in pools of water, leopard turtles and magnificent birds, from pink flamingos to swooping kites to vultures waiting for their turn on a kill.  There were antelopes and zebra frolicking and one can never forget the gracious, poetic walk of the giraffe. 

Tanzania is simply a sensory overload of wild animals: the dreaded cape buffalo, elephants, lions, rhinos, cheetahs, leopards, giraffes, wild dogs, hyenas, warthogs, gazelles, elands, waterbuck, dik diks, and the list goes on.

The highlight on safari is the Serengeti National Park.  It is believed the name comes from a Maasai word seringit, meaning “endless plains.”  It is home to the Great Migration which happens annually. 

Each year around the same time, wildebeests, about 1.7 million of them, along with zebras and thousands of gazelles and other plain game begin their migration.   They move in a circle which is basically a grazing pattern that loops clockwise through the National Park to the Masai Mara reserve in Kenya.  It is a truly spectacular sight. 

It was there we also witnessed the shifting sands. This a pile of volcanic, ash about the size of a football field and 20 feet high.  The sands catapult over each other due to the prevailing wind, which effectively walks the pile some 2 meters down the Serengeti every year. Markers have traced its movement since the 1960s. It is thought that if you climb onto it, it will bring you good luck and fertility.

The Ngorongoro Crater is another breathtaking location and a UNESCO World heritage Site. The crater was formed when a large volcano exploded and collapsed on itself some two to three million years ago.  It created a caldera and is one of the highlights for animal viewings in the country. 

In this crater the animals do not migrate as they do on the Serengeti.  It is a microcosm of thousands of African animals living together.  It is in this crater that we spotted the elusive rhino, one of the “Big 5”that  every safari seeker longs to see.  (lions, leopards, rhinos, elephants and cape buffalo)            

Mt. Kilimanjaro is another natural treasure.  It is famous for mountain climbers and hikers.  Kilimanjaro which means “Mountain of Whiteness” or “Shining Mountain” is Africa’s tallest peak and the world’s tallest free-standing mountain.  

Tanzania Cuisine

The cuisine of Tanzania is very similar to other east African nations.  Swahili cuisine is a combination of African, Indian, and Arabic influences.  The British also left their mark on customs and cuisine in Tanzania, most notably the teas, which are grown in the highland area, as well as their delicious desserts.

As with all countries, the food is quite regional.  Fish, for example, is prominent along the coast, whereas meat, is more prevalent in the inland areas.  Game meat, such as: antelope, wildebeest and buffalo, are consumed along with chicken, beef, lamb, and goat.  Pork is rare, as Tanzania is mainly a Muslim country where pork is considered taboo.  Nyama choma is simply grilled meat and is beloved.  You will see street stalls selling it all over the country. 

The national dish is a called ugali and it is a thick porridge made from maize or cassava that is served with meat and vegetable stews.  Rice is also very popular in certain areas of the country as well.

They grow all sorts of fruits and vegetables. The fruits are often used as desserts. Mangoes, papayas, bananas, pineapple, watermelon, oranges, limes, tamarind and especially coconut, are all popular.  Vegetables include: cassava, corn, taro, cabbage, carrots, shallots, onions, and garlic.  Squash and pumpkin are also very common.  Legumes are another staple in the cuisine and especially loved when cooked in coconut milk. 

Chapati is a very popular flat bread that is very easy to fall in love with. Mandazi is another delicious treat made with fried dough, (one of my favorites.) 

Zanzibar is known as the Spice Island and spices are used extensively in their cuisine.  Clove is what they are most known for but other spices like: cardamon, vanilla, pepper, cinnamon, turmeric and many more are grown here. 

If you would like to learn more about the island of Zanzibar and the spices, there is an article I wrote that you may enjoy “A Spice Tour on the Spice Island”, along with a cooking class I took in a small village called Jambiani, where you can get additional delicious Tanzanian recipes. “Cooking Class with Mr. Okala”

 

So, let’s enjoy a Tanzanian meal:

 

The Meal

Appetizer

Taro Chips

Main Course

Ndizi Nyama (Green Bananas and Beef Stew)

Served with

Maharage ya Nazi (Kidney Beans in Coconut Milk)

Dessert

Kashata (Peanut Brittle with Coconut and Cardamon)

This meal was served buffet style in a safari tent camp on the Serengeti.  I can’t think of a more wonderful place to enjoy a meal.  It would be fun to set up something similar at home, outside under the stars with candles and the like.

We first enjoyed our appetizer of taro chips and wine sitting around a campfire.  They call this  a “Sundowner,” where you just relax and watch the sun go down.  This is another tradition from the British.  

We enjoyed very good wine, mostly imported from South Africa. We also were impressed by the local beer in Tanzania; Kilimanjaro Beer and Serengeti Beer.  

The taro chips are delicious when served warm after frying.  Plantain chips are also often served  as a snack before dinner.

For the main course we enjoyed the beef stew with bananas and kidney beans over white rice.  The meal was made in the kitchen tent and I had the pleasure of being invited in to observe the preparation. 

The chefs wear giant chef hats while cooking and serving, which made it seem so formal even though we were out on Serengeti. 

 

For dessert, I chose to make one of the  favorite sweets that I discovered while exploring Tanzania.  It is called Kashata and it is basically  peanut brittle with coconut and cardamon. It comes in many shapes, sizes and flavors but this was my favorite combination.  Every time I make it, it makes me smile and is a lovely reminder of Tanzania. 

As we say goodbye to this glorious country, I leave you with a brief photographic journey of our travel there.

p.s. if you are interested in going on a safari, I would be happy to share with you who we used and all the details of our travel. Feel free to contact me anytime.

Until next time,

“Hakuna matata” (no worries)

Warmest Regards,

Darlene Longacre

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

New Year’s Eve traditions around the world

It is always fascinating to learn a little something about how other places and cultures celebrate special days.  New Year’s Eve, (or Old Year’s Day) is celebrated in many parts of the world, although it has many different names.  Countries in Europe call it St. Sylvester’s Day.  Malam Tahun Baru is what it is called in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.  It is called Hogmanay in Scotland and Reveillon or Wallonia in Brazil, and Portugal.  This special evening is held on the last day of the year of the Gregorian calendar, which is December 31^st, and rings in the New Year at midnight.

Fireworks are a common way to celebrate the New Year in many countries around the world.  Festivals and celebrations also include song, dance and of course, great food.

Here are some fun and quirky things people do around the world to say goodbye to the old year and bring in the new:

In Australia, people run out into the streets and bang on pots and pans.

In Denmark, they shatter dishes and plates against the front doors of friends and family.

In hope for good fortune, in Ecuador, giant scarecrows are made of paper and burned, along with photographs of the past year.

Speaking of South American countries, many believe that, your fate in the New Year is determined by the color of the underwear you wear that night.  If they are red, they will bring you love, wealth if they are yellow, and peace if they are white.

In Peru, there is a festival in a small village called the Takanakuy Festival, where at the end of the year people settle their differences with a fist fight, so they can start off the year without holding any grudges.

An easier way to ring in the New Year is practiced in Argentina, where at the stroke of midnight they take their first step with their right foot, thereby, “Starting the year off on the right foot.”

In Romania, people toss spare coins into the river for good luck.

Dropping ice cream on the floor is what they do in Switzerland.  (We are not sure how this tradition emerged.)

In Puerto Rico, people throw buckets of water out of their window to drive away evil spirits.

In Turkey, they smash pomegranates. The more pieces it breaks in to, the more good luck will come.

In Belgium, even the livestock get in the spirit as they are decorated and paraded around town with bells ringing.

Columbia believes that if you carry around an empty suitcase, travel will come your way in the New Year.

Many places including Bolivia, like to bake a coin into their sweets.  Whoever finds it in the treat will have good luck for the next year (and hopefully not a broken tooth.)

In Spain, they eat grapes, one for each chime of the church bell at midnight.  It is believed to bring good luck for each month of the coming year.  The grapes enjoyed along with some Cava of course.

In Finland, they cast molten tin into a bucket of water and then predict what’s in store for the coming year by the interpretation of the resulting shape.

In the Philippines, they turn on all the lights to ward off evil spirits.  They also wear polka dots, as anything round is considered to bring luck and prosperity in the New Year.

In Japan, the Buddhist temples strike the gong 108 times to expel 108 human weaknesses. The Japanese also have a tradition of eating soba noodles on New Year’s Eve, the long noodles represent longevity.

In Brazil, everyone wears white to scare away bad spirits and in Chile they sleep beside their loved ones in the cemetery.

Lentils and black-eyed peas are popular in many places to welcome in a full year of work and money.  In fact in Texas, black eyed peas are called Texas caviar.

Pork in many forms is another way the New year is celebrated, pigs root their food in a forward motion, so pork represents looking forward in the New Year.  My sister makes pork and sauerkraut every New Year’s day. 

Also in the United States, watching the giant crystal ball drop in Times Square (formerly called, Longacre Square) in New York City is a favorite at midnight, along with a toast of champagne, a kiss, and singing the Scottish classic called Auld Lang Syne which means, “old long ago.” According to Scotland.org, “The song is about love and kindness of days gone by, but it also gives us a sense of belonging and fellowship to take with us into the future.”

However you and your loved ones celebrate this New Year’s Eve, be safe, and why not do a little something special for good luck, travel and prosperity.

I would love to hear how you celebrate the New Year, Please do let me know in the comments below.

Happy New Year my friends!

 

Warmest regards,

Darlene

Craving even more?  Be sure to join the culinary and cultural journey around the world so you don’t miss a thing,  it’s free,  You can also follow me on Instagram, Facebook ,  Pinterest and youtube to follow along our journey.

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Winter Solstice wishes is a fun little thing to do for the winter solstice.  Get yourself some pine cones preferably on a wonderful nature hike.  Get some little pieces of paper to write your hopes, dreams, wishes and intentions for the coming year. Tuck them in the pine cones. Use them to get your fire started with your yule log for a wonderful way to celebrate the winter solstice.

This year in 2021 in the northern hemisphere the winter solstice will take place on December 21, at 10:59am EST.  Since it is the longest night of the year, it is a perfect time for some reflection and of course winter solstice wishes.  What will your wishes be?

I had to smile when I came here to update this post from 2019.  I am updating this from my airbnb in Zagreb, Croatia.  My husband Dan and I decided to sell our home in California and most of our belongings to follow our dream of traveling the world. We left in April of 2021 and have added 10 more countries to our travels. This is what I wrote back in 2019.

“A few years ago, I started this tradition and since that time I have traveled to over 21 countries.  I think setting an intention and then working to make it happen goes a long way to making your dreams come true.

This year, it is my hope to go on permanent travel, entering a new and dreamed about chapter in my life.  I look forward to sharing my journey with you.”

So, fair warning wishes and dreams do come true! 

I know life has not been easy for many during this world wide pandemic. My wish is that it ends soon and life can get back to some semblance of normal.  The winter solstice tradition is one I love as it is a time to let go of the past and darkness and move toward the light.  It is also a time where we as humans no matter where we are in the world, share something together, the changing of a season.  

I wish each and every one of you a Merry Christmas and Happy Holiday season.  May all your wishes and dreams come true!

Until next time, 

Hvala (Thank you) in Croatian for following along.

Darlene 

If you are looking for more ways to celebrate the winter solstice, be sure to check out “Finding solace in the solstice”.  There you will find some more recipes and ideas. Please let me know how you plan to celebrate the solstice in the comments below.

Craving even more?  Be sure to join the culinary and cultural journey around the world so you don’t miss a thing,  it’s free,  You can also follow me on Instagram, Facebook ,  Pinterest and youtube to follow along our journey.

 

How did they get their Names?

Both of these countries are named for early, ethnic groups that dominated their respective areas.  “Stan,” is a Persian suffix that translates to “place/land of.”  So, we have the land of the Tajiks and the land of the Uzbeks.  ‘Tajik” translates to “farmer or settled villager” and “Uzbek” translates to “genuine man.”

Where are Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Located?

The countries are located in central Asia; both are neighbors, and both are landlocked.  Uzbekistan is one of two countries in the world that is doubly landlocked, (the other is Liechtenstein).  They share borders with Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan. Tajikistan is just to the east of Uzbekistan. 

Tajikistan has a river system that is an important source for hydroelectricity.  In fact, Tajikistan has the second highest dam in the world.  Both countries have diverse landscapes.  Tajikistan is known for its really tall Pamir and Alay mountains, with altitudes ranging from 980 ft to 24,600 ft., whereas, Uzbekistan is mostly desert.  However, they both share a fertile valley, which is  prized for agriculture.

A Brief History of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan

Tajikistan has been inhabited for thousands of years.  It was part of the Persian Empire, the Batrian Empire and then the Arabs brought Islam to the land.  In 875 AD, the Samanid Empire came to power. This is the time period from which much of the Tajik culture comes.  In the 19^thcentury, Tajikistan was absorbed into the Russian Empire and later became part of the Soviet Union, until it became independent in 1991.

Uzbekistan, due to its central location, has a long and rich history.  Many empires and conquerors passed through the land and many of its cities were trade centers along the famous silk road.  Alexander the great, Arabs, the Samanid Dynasty and the Mongols, were just a few of those that came into power.

Uzbekistan’s golden years were in the 14^th century, when the Timurid Dynasty rose to power.  It was led by Tamerlane and  his empire.  The capital city was the City of Samarkland.  Like Tajikistan, the Russian Empire took over in the 1800s and Uzbekistan became part of the Soviet Union until the Soviet collapse.  Uzbekistan became independent in 1991, as well.

Since their Independence, Uzbekistan is central Asia’s most populous state and strives to assert itself as a regional power, often butting heads with Tajikistan.  Uzbekistan has been led by a Soviet era, communist party, boss since its  Independence.  Tajikistan had a bloody civil war from 1992 to 1997.  Since then, it has established political stability and shown some economic growth, although it is still one of the poorest countries in central Asia.

Tajik and Uzbek Culture

The religion in both countries is primarily Sunni Muslim, with a small Shi’ite minority.  (A large Ishamaeli still exists in the Pashmir region of Tajikistan.)  Religion however, is mostly secular, as it was suppressed during the Soviet reign.  Uzbekistan is famous for its beautiful mosques, especially in Samarkand, which has been designated as a UNESCO World heritage city.  It has the largest number of restored buildings showcasing mosaics, reliefs, azure blue tile and unique architecture.

Tajik is the official language in Tajikistan and Uzbek is the official language in Uzbekistan.  Russian is also spoken in both countries.  Literature originated from oral traditions and folklore legends.  Tajikistan has the legend of Yeti; an enormous shaggy, ape-man with huge feet and sabre-like teeth.  In nearly every Tajikistan village you will find a Yeti witness whose job it is to tell visitors the tales of Yeti and guide them to remote places for potential sightings.

Both countries share a special genre of music called “Shashmak,” which has been included by UNESCO in the list of masterpieces of oral and intangible heritages of mankind.

The most popular holiday in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is “Navruz.”  This signifies the beginning of a new year and new life.  Colorful, traditional costumes are worn, and a variety of foods are laid on the table, but the star of the banquet is sumalak.  It is an ancient recipe made from flour and wheat sprouts, washed in water and oil.  It is said to strengthen the immune system and clear the body of chemical waste.  If you try it for the first time, you should make a wish, as it is believed the wish will definitely come true.  This dish must be cooked by only kind, old, women, who sing and dance while making it.  The name sumalaktranslates to “30 angels.”  This dish must be cooked overnight so that the angels may participate in the making.

Tajik and Uzbek Cuisine

The two countries have similar cuisines, as the influences over history have been nearly the same.  The influences are mainly from Russia, Afghanistan and Iran.  The national dish is plov in Uzbekistan, or osh, as it is called in Tajikistan.  It is, in fact, the same dish.  Another main food is qurut, which is a ball of dried, salted cheese that is dissolved and served with non-bread and vegetables.

Non bread is an integral part of the cuisine and they have many superstitions about bread.  If non is dropped on the ground, people will put it up high for beggars or birds.  You are never supposed to put the bread upside down or it will bring bad luck.  When someone leaves the house on a journey, a bite of non is taken and the loaf is then saved until they safely return.  Bread is also never cut with a knife, it is always torn.

Lamb is the most popular meat that they consume.  However, horse meat and goat are also popular, as is beef and poultry.  Being Muslim countries, pork is not consumed.  Mutton is served in plov and made into soups called shurbo, which are thick soups with noodles and vegetables.  Noodles and dumplings are widely loved, as wheat is readily available.  Kebabs are also a very popular dish.

With fertile valleys and farmland, fresh seasonal produce is used in many dishes and in summer, grapes and melons are often eaten as a dessert or a snack between meals.  They are known to have the sweetest and juiciest melons in the world.

Green tea (Kuk-choy) is considered the national drink, although black tea (Kora-choy) is typically consumed more often in the winter months.  Tea is served before and after the meal.  It is served in a cup called a piala.  Being offered tea in both Uzbekistan and Tajikistan is considered a sign of hospitality.  Traditionally, the more a guest is esteemed, the less tea is poured in his piala.

 

So, let’s enjoy a Tajik and Uzbek meal:

Menu

 First Course

Qurutob (Bread Salad)

Served with 

Non Bread (Traditional Bread)

Main Course

Plov (Lamb and Rice Pilaf)

Dessert

Kukiho Pamir Qajmog (Cream Cheese Cookies)

We set the scene on the floor with a simple cloth, common to both countries, called a “dastarkhan.”  (One could also use a low table.)  We placed a tea pot on the cloth, as green tea would be served prior to the meal and at the end of the meal, which is customary there.  Cotton and wheat were added to the décor since they are very important crops to both countries.  An apple was placed, because this was the area from which they originated.  Photos of the Uzbek cat and the markhor completed the scene. They are the national animals of the two countries.

Our first course was qurutob, served with non bread.  I was excited to try this new and unusual salted cheese called qurut, and it was really a surprising treat.  Generally, I love bread salads and this one did not disappoint.  I understand why nomads would carry this morsel of dried, salty cheese on journeys.  When you mix the dried cheese ball with water it turns into a yogurt like substance with an excellent flavor.  It in essence, became the dressing for the salad and softened the pieces of the non bread in the salad.  The salad consisted of tomatoes, onions, cucumbers and peppers, with of course, the non bread and qurut.  We loved it!

For the main course, we served the beloved plov or osh, considered to be the national dish in both countries.  It was lovely.  It was made with lamb and rice, but it also called for a barberry, which was something else I tried for the first time.  It reminded me of a small, dried cranberry; sweet yet tart, at the same time.  Both the salad and the plov was served communal style.  They generally eat with their right hand, although sometimes a spoon will be offered to a guest. 

For dessert, we devoured the scrumptious cream cheese cookies.  They had little pockets filled with raisins and walnuts and were dusted in sugar.  They went perfectly with the green tea.

As we say goodbye to these two, most intriguing nations, I leave you with a few of their proverbs:

“If you sit with the moon, you become the moon”

“To know a language is to know the world”

“First think then talk”

“A chicken you eat only once, eggs a hundred times”

Until next time,  

Warmest regards,

Darlene

 

How did Taiwan get its name?

Portuguese explorers, back in the mid 1500s, named Taiwan, “Isla Formosa,” meaning “Beautiful Island.”  Many still use the name today; “Formosa”, and “Ihla Formosa,” are used as well.

It was the Dutch who got the name “Tainan” from the indigenous aborigines who lived there when they arrived to colonize the island in 1624. How the name Tainan originally came to be has many theories. Most believe it was the name of an actual indigenous tribe.

In 1684, the Chinese officially changed the name to Taiwan, which has remained ever since. Taiwan is officially known as the Republic of China.  Taiwan is self-governing, but China considers Taiwan its 23^rd province.

Where is Taiwan Located?

Taiwan is located in southeastern Asia.  Taiwan is a group of islands; the main island of Taiwan, plus several smaller islands, known as the Pescadores archipelago.  The main island is bordered by the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Philippine Sea and the Pacific Ocean.  Taiwan lies about 100 miles off the coast of southeastern China.  Several of the islands are disputed and claimed by other nations.

The oval-shaped, main island of Taiwan is about 245 miles long and 90 miles wide.  Almost two-thirds of the island is covered by beautifully forested mountains with 258 peaks that rise over 9,850 ft. high. The largest, is Jade Mountain, peaking at 13,042 ft. 

The mountainous terrain is the result of the island’s location.  It sits on the fault line of two tectonic plates and was formed after a dramatic geological upheaval four to five million years ago.  It also sits on the Tropic of Cancer, placing it at the same latitude as Hawaii. Taipei is the capital city and located in the north.

As mountains dominate the center and rugged east coast, most of the population lives on the island’s western third, in an alluvial plain.  Taiwan suffers from typhoons.  The season usually comes into effect in late summer and can be devastating.

A Brief History of Taiwan

Taiwan aborigines have inhabited Taiwan for over 5000 years.  They largely kept to themselves until the Dutch invaded them in 1624 and founded a small colony on the southwest coast of Taiwan.  The Dutch found the island to be very profitable and it was used for trading a variety of products like: sugar, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, rice and silk. 

It didn’t last long, as a strong, military leader, named Zheng Chenggong, was eyeing Taiwan for himself.  He was hoping to destroy the newly founded Qing Dynasty.  The Dutch were forced to surrender in 1662.  However, the victory did not last long.  Zheng died shortly after the conquest, from malaria and the Qing forces attacked the island in 1683.  Taiwan then became part of the Chinese Empire. 

The Qing were going to abandon Taiwan completely, deeming it a worthless territory, but ended up keeping it.  During this time, there was mass famine and poverty in China.  So, although the Chinese were banned from migrating from the Chinese mainland, many fled, mostly from nearby Fujian province, in search of a better life.  Many ethnic Chinese Han from Fujian started to marry the Taiwanese aborigines.  In fact, most Taiwanese today have aboriginal blood.

Due to the strategic location of Taiwan, it started to draw attention from other powers in the west and also from Japan.  In was late 1871, was the first Japanese invasion.  The French, when they were fighting with China over Vietnam, arrived and occupied Keelung and the Penghu islands.  Beijing took notice and was forced to improve the island with forts and a railway.  It was during this time that Taiwan earned its status as a province.  Prior to 1885, Taiwan was considered part of Fuijian.

As a result of war between China and Japan, (which had nothing to do with Taiwan), the Qing Empire ceded Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, giving control to Japan in 1895.  The Japanese takeover changed Taiwan’s history forever.  Many Taiwanese were not happy with this arrangement and resisted and many died. 

Despite this, the Japanese made many improvements to life in Taiwan.  They tackled widespread disease, expanded railways and built roads.  Many improvements of this time can still be seen in both the culture and architecture of Taiwan.  At the end of World War II, Japan renounced its colonies and Taiwan became part of the Republic of China.

In 1949, Chinese communist armies defeated Nationalist forces on the mainland and established the People’s Republic of China.  The Nationalist government and armies fled to Taiwan, resulting once again in a separation from the mainland.  The Republic of China claimed jurisdiction over the Chinese mainland as well as Taiwan.  Although in the early 1990s, Taiwan’s government dropped this claim to China.  

The Chinese government in Beijing maintains that they have jurisdiction over Taiwan.  To this day, it remains to be seen if, when, or how the two entities will be reunited.  Today, the Democratic Progressive Party holds power in Taiwan and they have just re-elected their first female president, for a second term.

Taiwanese Culture

Taiwan is home to nearly 24 million people and is in the top 20 most densely populated countries in the world. The population is made up of 97.7% ethnically Chinese, with 2.3% indigenous people. The official language is Mandarin Chinese, however, Taiwanese is also commonly spoken.  English is taught as a second or third language in schools. Japanese was the official language during their reign over Taiwan.  The vast majority, 93 % of the population, is Buddhist, with 5%  being Christian.

In addition to the western calendar, they also go by the lunar calendar and many of their traditional holidays are based around important dates like: the Chinese New Year, the Dragon Festival, Chinese Valentine’s Day, Ghost Month and the Full Moon Festival, to name a few.  The famous Lantern Festival concludes the Lunar New Year season, when thousands of paper lit lanterns are released into the air with messages. These paper lanterns are a treasured souvenir.

The entire seventh month of the lunar calendar is considered to be Ghost Month.  The gate to the “underground” opens on the first and closes on the 31^st.  This is a time for people to be extra careful because all ghosts come to earth.  Food is prepared for the ghosts so they are well-fed and satisfied.  People don’t move about or swim during Ghost Month.

Convenience stores in Taiwan are everywhere, especially 7-11s.  They do much more than just sell snacks.  People do banking, drop off their dry cleaning, mail packages, pay utilities, plus, get delicious quick food to eat.

The number four is considered unlucky, as in Chinese it sounds similar to the word for death.  For this reason, hospitals, buildings and apartments may not have a fourth floor at all and if they do, it is typically cheaper to inhabit.

The indigenous tribes have managed to keep many of their traditions alive.  The Ear-shooting Festival, is where the Bunun people show off their archery skills to the people who live on Orchid Island, which is known for their flying fish traditions and boat making.

Politeness, honor and respect for elders is the most valued custom in Taiwanese culture. 

Taiwanese Cuisine

It is no surprise that Taiwan’s cuisine is heavily influenced by both China and Japan.  Specifically, Taiwanese cuisine is most often associated with influences from the mid to southern provinces of China and especially the southern Fuijian (Hokkien) cuisine. 

Pork, seafood, chicken, rice and soy are the most common ingredients.  Being an island, seafood figures prominently into the cuisine.  However, it is a beef noodle dish that is considered to be the national dish of Taiwan.  American food aid following WWII forever changed the Taiwanese diet, which primarily consisted of wheat based noodles.  Breads and dumplings took more of a central role.  Rice of all types and colors plays an important role and Taiwan has enjoyed a renaissance with both growers and consumers. 

Taiwanese cuisine is also known for their use of all sorts of spices and seasonings, like soy sauce, rice wine, sesame oil, fermented black beans, pickled mustard greens, radish, peanuts, chili peppers, cilantro, basil, garlic and green onion.

Taiwan’s sub-tropical location has an abundant supply of various fruits such as: papayas, mangos, melons and citrus fruits.  Pineapples are beloved (especially in their famous pineapple cake) and recently China banned the export of them.  There is a worldwide effort to buy them up, using #freedompineapple.  Fresh fruits and vegetables are abundant and available fresh in markets. 

Speaking of markets, Taiwan is most famous for its magnificent, night street, markets.  Nearly every neighborhood has one.  The most famous night market is in Taipei, called Shilin, where all of Taiwan’s most famous dishes can be found.  Dishes like: stinky tofu, soup dumplings, oyster omelets, scallion pancakes, Taiwanese popcorn chicken and beef noodle soup, abound.  Hot pot is also ubiquitous. Boba (brown sugar, milk tea) is said to have been invented in Taiwan and can be found on nearly every block.

So let’s enjoy a Taiwanese meal:

Menu

First Course

Yan Su Ji  (Taiwanese Popcorn Chicken)

Main Course

    Niúròu Miàn (Taiwanese Beef Noodle Soup)

Dessert

Boba (Brown Sugar, Milk Tea)

We set the scene with the colors of Taiwan’s flag; red, blue and white.  We placed a bear statue, as the Formosan black bear is the only bear found on the island and is their national animal.  The plum blossom represents the national flower.  A butterfly was placed as the island is known as the “Butterfly Kingdom,”  home to over 400 species.  A baseball bat was added to represent their national sport.  A teapot, representing their famous oolong tea, used in their tea ceremonies, was added and lastly a mask, as Taiwan has been dubbed the “face mask capital of Asia”.  It is no surprise that Taiwan faired as one of the best nations on earth in dealing with the Covid-19 Pandemic.

We began our meal with a very popular street food called, “Popcorn chicken” which can be found in all the night markets in Taiwan.  These are crunchy, little bite-sized, pieces of chicken.  They are dusted in a spiced up five-spice seasoning, as well as a salt and pepper powder.  The secret to these delicious morsels, is frying them twice; making them super tender bites on the inside, with a nice, crunch on the exterior.  They are served with pieces of fried basil leaves, which are a delicious addition.

For the main course, we savored every bite of the national dish; beef noodle soup.  This dish takes some time to make but is worth every minute.  The tender pieces of beef are cooked in a rich and slightly spicy broth, served with noodles, pickled mustard, fresh cilantro and scallions.  This type of one pot meal, is truly my favorite type of meal.  The complex flavors touch on every note and it is completely satisfying.

For dessert, we had the famous brown sugar, bubble, milk tea called Boba.  It has a caramel like flavor and the small tapioca balls are a delight.  Boba is a luxurious sweet drink and was a perfect ending to our Taiwanese meal.

After dinner, we sat in the hot tub and dreamed of being in one of the over 150 hot springs in Taiwan, as they have, second to Japan, the highest concentration of hot springs in the world.  There we discussed the meaning of ren qing wei, which loosely translated means “human touch or feeling.” Friendliness and generosity to strangers, duty and correct behavior, are all part of what it means and it is an important cultural characteristic of Taiwan.

Until next time,

Chi bao le ma?  (Have you eaten?) This is how you are greeted in Taiwan, their way of asking how you are.  (I love that!)

Warmest regards,

Darlene

How did Syria get its name?

It is believed the name Syria comes from the Ancient Greek, Seirios, meaning, “sun-bright, glowing, blazing, and shining.”  In Latin “Sirius” was used to indicate people from Syria and also for the brightest star in the night sky.  Officially today, it is known as the Syrian Arab Republic.

Where is Syria located?

Syria is a middle eastern country and part of southwestern Asia.  It lies on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea.  Its area includes territory in the Golan Heights, which has been occupied by Israel since 1967.  Its neighbors are Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan, Israel and Lebanon to the south and west. The capital city is Damascus. 

A brief history of Syria

Syria is thought to be one of the original and oldest civilizations on earth and  believed to be part of the Fertile Crescent, where the earliest people practiced cattle breeding and agriculture.  Archeologists have uncovered skulls and bones of Neanderthals that date back roughly 700,000 years.  Historically, the name Syria, referred to a much wider region than its borders of today. It was known as al-Sham in Arabic, which included: Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and much of Turkey and of course modern day Syria.  

Ebla, a city is Syria, is one of the oldest settlements to be excavated and dates back to around 3000 BC.  Throughout ancient times, Syria was occupied and ruled by several empires, including the Egyptians, Hittites, Sumerians, Mitanni, Assyrians, Babylonian, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Arameans, Amorites, Persians, Greeks and Romans.

Ancient Syria was a region often referred to in the bible.  Probably the most well-known account is when the apostle Paul cited “The Road to Damascus,” where his visions led to his conversion to Christianity.  When the Roman Empire fell, Syria became part of the Byzantine Empire.  In 637 A.D., Muslim armies defeated the empire and took control of Syria.  Damascus became the capital of the Islamic world. Then, around 750 A.D., it was replaced by Baghdad, in Iraq.

In 1516 the Ottoman Empire conquered Syria and remained in power for just shy of 400 years.  During World War I, the French and British agreed to divide the Ottoman Empire into zones.  In 1918, British and Arab forces took Damascus and Aleppo.  The French took control of modern-day Syria and Lebanon in 1920, ending the Ottomans’ rule.

After World War II, Syria officially became independent, in 1946.  Unfortunately, the years following, she suffered instability and repeated coups.  For a brief time, in 1958, Syria joined with Egypt and became the United Arab Republic, but that was short lived, ending in 1961.

It was 1963 when the Arab Socialist Baath Party seized power in a coup known as the Baath Revolution.  Syria lost its territory known as Golan Heights, during the Six Day War with Israel in 1967, a conflict which remains over the area to this day.

In 1970, Hafez al-Assad overthrew the de-facto leader of Syria and remained in power as President until his death in 2000.  Many hostilities and conflicts erupted throughout the years with Lebanon and Israel.  When Hafez died in 2000, his son Bashar became president, after amending the constitution.  He was only 34 at the time, not 40, as was required.  There was hope that Bashar would grant more freedom and be less oppressive than his father.  However, human rights groups have reported that Bashar has regularly tortured, imprisoned and killed political adversaries throughout his tenure.

In March of 2011, a group of teens and children were arrested and tortured for writing anti-government graffiti that was inspired by the Arab Spring Rebellion.  Protests erupted and became widespread and are considered to be the beginning of Syria’s horrific civil war, which remains ongoing today. 

The Civil war in Syria is complicated with many moving parts.  Assad began fighting the rebels, ISIS joined the fight against the regime, the United States backed the rebels to some degree, however, that in turn put them on the same side as ISIS.  Russia was involved as well and was supposed to ensure that Syria no longer had chemical weapons, which were used on their own people.  The numbers are not certain, but hundreds of thousands of Syrians are dead and millions have been displaced or are refugees in neighboring countries and Europe.  Syria remains a humanitarian disaster in a civil war today.

Syrian Culture

Syria, with such a long cultural history, is a traditional society.  Family, religion, education, self-discipline and respect are the characteristics they cherish.  The majority of Syria is Sunni Muslim, about 74%, with 13% being Shi’a.  Christians make up about ten per cent, with the remaining being Druze, Jews and atheists.  Syria has a history of religious tolerance with cities featuring Jewish synagogues, Christian churches and some of the world’s oldest and most sacred mosques.

The majority of Syrians are ethnically Arabs, and the official language is Arabic.  Kurds and Armenians make up the balance, as do their respective languages.  French and English are taught in schools.  The literacy rate in Syria was 81%, prior to the conflict.

Syria, being part of antiquity, has many historical treasures and entire ancient cities are part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.  There has been much anguish during this most recent civil war as many of these treasures have been damaged or destroyed.  Diaspora women are taking the lead to try to preserve as much as possible of this most important part of their heritage.

In peaceful times, Syria is known for its festivals, like the Silk Road Festival, which harkens back to the days when Syria was an important trade route between the East and the West.  Both Muslim and Christian holidays are recognized.  Dance, music, literature, poetry and architecture all have important roots and history in Syria.  One of the most popular dances in Syria is the Dabkeh;  a folk dance performed at weddings and other joyous occasions.  Another popular dance is the Arada, a dance performed with swords.

Syrian Cuisine

Syrian cuisine, like its culture, has a rich and ancient history.  Many of the dishes are shared with its neighbors.  Having gone through various conquests by the Arabs, Persians and Ottoman Turks, the traditional food in Syria is similar to other cuisines like the Levant, Lebanese and Middle-Eastern cuisines.  It is, however, known for some important spices like, the Aleppo pepper, which is indigenous there.  

Kibbeh Bil Sanieh is considered to be the national dish and is made with bulgur and lamb.  Stuffed vegetables, with meat, nuts and rice, come in all kinds of forms, from grape leaves to peppers.  Kebabs or grilled meats, are also a popular Syrian dish.  Nuts, like walnuts, pine nuts and pistachios are used in many of their dips and sweet treats.  Eggplant, zucchini, cabbage, tomatoes and cucumbers are popular vegetables.  Many of their dishes are served with a yogurt dip.

Syria is also known for appetizers called mezze.  These small dishes are served with Arabic bread before the main course and then followed by coffee and sweet treats.  Fruits, like pomegranate, and citrus, are also very popular.

 

So let’s enjoy a Syrian meal:

The Menu

 First Course

Muhammara (Hot Pepper Dip)

 

 

Served with Syrian Flat Bread  

Main Course

 Kibbeh Bil Sanieh (Baked Lamb and Bulger Pie)

Dessert

H’risseh (Semolina Nut Cake)

We set the scene with the colors of the flag; red, black white and green.  We decorated with pomegranate and citrus, as well as cotton and wheat, as they are important crops to Syria.  Olives were placed to represent the most ancient agricultural product in Syria.  Jasmine, which is the national flower, was placed. (Damascus, the capital city, is also known as the “City of Jasmine.”)

We began with a popular mezze dish, called muhammara.  A spicy red pepper dip was made with Aleppo pepper, walnuts, lemon juice and my favorite, pomegranate molasses.  This complex dip is spectacular and we savored it on freshly made Syrian pita bread.

For the main course, we loved the national dish called, Kibbeh Bil Sanieh.  This is a true comfort dish, somewhat similar to a meatloaf but with a much more delicious flavor.  We thoroughly enjoyed this lamb dish alongside a simple yogurt sauce. 

For dessert, we devoured the regional dessert made famous in the small town of Nabak, not far from Damascus on the way to Aleppo, that is known for its h’risseh.  The name for this delicious semolina nut cake might be a bit confusing, as it also describes a Lebanese savory dish.  However, in Syria there is no mistaking the name.  We enjoyed every bite of this sweet, nut covered cake alongside a cup of coffee which, would be traditional there.

As we say goodbye to Syria I do so with a prayer that this nation will end its bloody civil war and somehow find its way to peace.  I am thrilled that my nephew has fallen in love with a beautiful Syrian woman named Rana, who will soon become part of my extended family.  I can’t wait to cook many more Syrian dishes with her.  

Until next time,

Be safe.

Darlene